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      <h1 id="Java-基础-异常"><a href="#Java-基础-异常" class="headerlink" title="Java-基础-异常"></a>Java-基础-异常</h1><h2 id="1-什么是异常？"><a href="#1-什么是异常？" class="headerlink" title="1. 什么是异常？"></a>1. 什么是异常？</h2><ul>
<li><p>事实上，异常本质上是程序上的错误，包括程序逻辑错误和系统错误。比如使用<strong>空的引用</strong>、<strong>数组下标越界</strong>、<strong>内存溢出错误</strong>等，这些都是意外的情况，背离我们程序本身的意图。错误在我们编写程序的过程中会经常发生，包括编译期间和运行期间的错误，在编译期间出现的错误有编译器帮助我们一起修正，然而运行期间的错误便不是编译器力所能及了，并且运行期间的错误往往是难以预料的。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>假若程序在运行期间出现了错误，如果置之不理，程序便会终止或直接导致系统崩溃，显然这不是我们希望看到的结果</strong>。因此，如何对运行期间出现的错误进行处理和补救呢？Java提供了异常机制来进行处理，<strong>通过异常机制来处理程序运行期间出现的错误</strong>。通过异常机制，我们可以更好地提升程序的健壮性。</p>
</li>
<li><p>在java等面向对象的编程语言中，异常本身就是一个类，产生异常就是创建异常对象并抛出一个异常对象。java中的处理就是中断处理。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>　<strong>在Java中，异常类的结构层次图如下图所示：</strong></p>
<p><img src="http://zhuuu-bucket.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/20200903/145710336.png" alt="mark"></p>
<a id="more"></a>



<p><strong>异常的分类：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>在Java中异常被当做对象来处理，根类是<code>java.lang.Throwable</code>类，在Java中定义了很多异常类（如<code>OutOfMemoryError、NullPointerException</code>、<code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code>等），这些异常类分为两大类：<code>Error</code>和<code>Exception</code>。</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>Exception</code>类的异常包括<code>checked exception</code>和<code>unchecked exception</code>（<code>unchecked exception</code>也称运行时异常<code>RuntimeException</code>，当然这里的运行时异常并不是前面我所说的运行期间的异常，只是Java中用运行时异常这个术语来表示，Exception类的异常都是在运行期间发生的）。</p>
<ul>
<li><code>unchecked exception</code>（非检查异常），也称运行时异常<code>（RuntimeException）</code>，比如常见的<code>NullPointerException</code>、<code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code>。对于运行时异常，java编译器不要求必须进行异常捕获处理或者抛出声明，由程序员自行决定。</li>
<li><code>checked exception</code>（检查异常），也称非运行时异常（运行时异常以外的异常就是非运行时异常），<code>java</code>编译器强制程序员必须进行捕获处理，比如常见的<code>IOExeption</code>和<code>SQLException</code>。对于非运行时异常如果不进行捕获或者抛出声明处理，编译都不会通过</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>在Java中，所有异常类的父类是<code>Throwable</code>类，</p>
<ul>
<li>Error类是error类型异常的父类，</li>
<li>Exception类是exception类型异常的父类，<ul>
<li>RuntimeException类是所有运行时异常的父类</li>
<li>RuntimeException以外的并且继承Exception的类是非运行时异常。</li>
<li>典型的<code>RuntimeException</code>包括<code>NullPointerException</code>、<code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code>、<code>IllegalArgumentException</code> <code>InterrupterException</code>等。</li>
<li>典型的非<code>RuntimeException</code>包括<code>IOException</code>、<code>SQLException</code>等。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-Java中如何处理异常？"><a href="#2-Java中如何处理异常？" class="headerlink" title="2. Java中如何处理异常？"></a>2. Java中如何处理异常？</h2><ul>
<li>在Java中如果需要处理异常，必须先对异常进行捕获，然后再对异常情况进行处理。如何对可能发生异常的代码进行异常捕获和处理呢？使用try和catch关键字即可，如下面一段代码所示：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  File file = <span class="keyword">new</span> File(<span class="string">"d:/a.txt"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span>(!file.exists())</span><br><span class="line">    file.createNewFile();</span><br><span class="line">&#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (IOException e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// <span class="doctag">TODO:</span> handle exception</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>(被try块包围的代码说明这段代码可能会发生异常，一旦发生异常，异常便会被catch捕获到，然后需要在catch块中进行异常处理。)</p>
<ul>
<li>在Java中还提供了另一种异常处理方式即抛出异常，顾名思义，也就是说一旦发生异常，我把这个异常抛出去，让调用者去进行处理，自己不进行具体的处理，此时需要用到throw和throws关键字。　</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Main</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            createFile();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">// <span class="doctag">TODO:</span> handle exception</span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">     </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">createFile</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> IOException</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        File file = <span class="keyword">new</span> File(<span class="string">"d:/a.txt"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span>(!file.exists())</span><br><span class="line">            file.createNewFile();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p><strong>两者区别：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>这段代码和上面一段代码的区别是，在实际的createFile方法中并没有捕获异常，而是用throws关键字声明抛出异常，</li>
<li>即告知这个方法的调用者此方法可能会抛出<code>IOException</code>。那么在main方法中调用<code>createFile</code>方法的时候，采用try…catch块进行了异常捕获处理。</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>当然还可以采用throw关键字手动来抛出异常对象。下面看一个例子：然后在catch块中进行捕获。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Main</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">int</span>[] data = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>[]&#123;<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">            System.out.println(getDataByIndex(-<span class="number">1</span>,data));</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            System.out.println(e.getMessage());</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">         </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">     </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getDataByIndex</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> index,<span class="keyword">int</span>[] data)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span>(index&lt;<span class="number">0</span>||index&gt;=data.length)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(<span class="string">"数组下标越界"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> data[index];</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p><strong>总结：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>也就说在Java中进行异常处理的话，对于可能会发生异常的代码，可以选择三种方法来进行异常处理：<ul>
<li>对代码块用<code>try..catch</code>进行异常捕获处理；</li>
<li>在 该代码的方法体外用<strong>throws进行抛出声明</strong>，告知此方法的调用者这段代码可能会出现这些异常，你需要谨慎处理。<ul>
<li>如果声明抛出的异常是非运行时异常，此方法的调用者必须显示地用try..catch块进行捕获或者继续向上层抛出异常。</li>
<li>如果声明抛出的异常是运行时异常，此方法的调用者可以选择地进行异常捕获处理。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>在代码块用throw手动抛出一个异常对象，此时也有两种情况，<strong>跟throw中的类似</strong>：<ul>
<li>如果抛出的异常对象是非运行时异常，此方法的调用者必须显示地用try..catch块进行捕获或者继续向上层抛出异常。</li>
<li>如果抛出的异常对象是运行时异常，此方法的调用者可以选择地进行异常捕获处理。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>如果最终将异常抛给<code>main</code>方法，则相当于交给<code>jvm</code>自动处理，此时<code>jvm</code>会简单地打印异常信息）<strong>同时是中断处理</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>未完待续：</strong></p>
<p><strong>参考博客 ：</strong> <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520/p/3769804.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520/p/3769804.html</a></p>

      
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